The division between responsibility and non responsibility factors is far from straightforward. On the contrary, the factors for which the individual is responsible, called effort, generate fair inequalities and this does not give room to redistribution. As a consequence we should remove these inequalities. Unfair inequalities are due to factors for which the individual is not responsible, called circumstances. In an nutshell, individuals' advantage is decomposed into two kinds of determinants and these ones determine if inequality among individuals' advantages is fair or unfair. This defends a responsibility-sensitive egalitarianism. In the literature on redistributive justice, growing attention has been paid to the concept of equality of opportunity. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain e-mail: Classification D31 ■ D63 ■ J62 University of Luxembourg, CREA, 1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg e-mail: Sapataįacultes Universitaires de Saint Louis, 43 Boulevard du Jardin Botanique, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium C. Universite Catholique de Louvain, CORE and IRES, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium J.-F. The authors thank the participants of the FUSL CEREC seminar in Brussels and UAB workshop in Barcelona (project ECO2010-21668-C03-02, financed by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness), as well as Professors Xavier Ramos, Francisco Ferreira, Juan Gabriel Rodriguez and especially Dirk Van de Gaer for their helpful comments and suggestions. Keywords Inequality of opportunity ■ Fairness ■ Regional inequalities
Finally, we find that income inequality and inequality of opportunity are positively correlated among regions. We find that most regions have actual incomes closer to fair incomes than to average income, excepted Ile de France where the actual income looks poorly related to effort variables. Our findings reveal that the measures of ex-post inequality of opportunity largely vary across regions, and that this is due to differences in reward schemes and in the impact of the non responsibility factors of income. Unfairness is measured by an unfair Gini based on the distance between the actual income and the fair income. To this end, we define a fair income that fulfils ex-post equality of opportunity requirements. Published online: © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013Ībstract This paper proposes an ex-post measure of inequality of opportunity in France and its regions by assessing the inequality between individuals exerting the same effort.
J Labor Res (2013) 34:281-311 DOI 10.1007/s1212-5Īn Ex-Post View of Inequality of Opportunity in France and its Regions
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